Graphical User Interface

The biggest change since the early days of Macintosh/Windows is that information has gradually been hidden, and people have named this kind of hiding hierarchy. People have created the desktop, throwing all personalized settings into the “settings” and throwing the operations of the advance into the corners of the GUI. People usually need to engage in more in-depth interactions to access the panels that control them. GUI has become more human-friendly, allowing people to interact with the virtual world more and more intuitively. Where there is a table, there are drawers. People throw a large number of applications into the drawers and store them only on the desktop for daily use. At the same time, early operations mostly relied on mice and keyboards, such as clicking, dragging, etc. But now, not only are computers in the same category, but the birth of mobile phones has also led people to incorporate touch into a new primary way of interaction. Gesture operations, voice control, and other methods have increased users’ interactive choices.

What remains unchanged is the role of icons, which are still the core functions of visual prompts and quick navigation in the app.

Now, people are hoping for cross-platform collaboration and interaction capabilities, more diverse accessibility designs, and the expansion of interaction once again.

Nowadays, we generally refer to smartphones, computers, and tablets of the same brand as having an “ecosystem”. This means that they can usually work together, such as the photo album function. People with an ecosystem usually have synchronized photo albums on their phones, computers, and tablets. And now I believe that it is possible to further synchronize the functions, allowing devices to only have differences in interaction and display form.
Companies such as Apple, Samsung, and Huawei are now focusing on AI, hoping to incorporate more AI into people’s daily interactions. A simple example is a schedule. For example, if someone sends you a message saying, “I bought a plane ticket for tomorrow morning,” people can have their phones automatically recognize the text on the screen in the future. Then, the phone can use AI for semantic recognition and automatically set a schedule reminder for the next morning. Decreasing GUI interaction will be the next direction we hope to strive for.

In the early days of personal computing, GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) looked like a stripped-down version of what we know today. Computers like the first Macintosh and early Windows machines featured interfaces with basic windows, limited colors, and simple icons, primarily due to hardware limitations. Screens were small, and resolutions were low. Navigating these systems was an entirely manual process, using a mouse to click icons and a keyboard to enter commands.

In today’s landscape, interaction has expanded well beyond the mouse and keyboard. Touchscreens brought swiping, pinching, and tapping into everyday life, making smartphones and tablets even more accessible. Voice-controlled assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant introduced hands-free interaction, allowing us to control devices with spoken commands. Gesture recognition has also made an appearance, with some devices interpreting hand movements without physical contact.

Interaction design student are learning GUI(gesture user interface), and research on how to design user’s journey intuitive.

The early days of computers like the Macintosh and Windows, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were very basic. The screens small, resolutions low, and simple, boxy windows, menus, and icons. You would use a mouse and keyboard to click on things and type commands. The design was limited by the technology of the time, so everything was flat, without much color or detail.

The evolution of GUIs became much more visually appealing and functional in decades to come. Now, we have high-resolution displays with vibrant colors and detailed designs. The look of icons and windows has become simpler and cleaner, but more modern and responsive.

Today, we interact with devices not just using a mouse and keyboard, but also by touching the screen, swiping, or even talking to them. Voice commands through digital assistants like Siri or Alexa have become common, and some devices even recognise gestures in the air. (thank you Graham)

Even though the basic idea of a GUI—clicking icons and using windows—has stayed the same, the ways we interact with computers have expanded.Our devices are faster, more intuitive, and work across different devices like phones, tablets, and computers.

The next stride in advancement is going to be voice and chat integration – where you will have a more life-like (human) experience with the computer, which understands your needs better and solves problems from ur shoes.

Since the Xerox PARK first worked out a PC with GUI, it has changed a lot. Early GUIs, like those on the original Macintosh and Windows, were pretty simple black-and-white icons, basic shapes, and limited screens. Despite the simplicity, they made computers more accessible. Today, with high-quality screens, we have vibrant, complex icons, animations, and features like touch gestures and dark modes, which make interacting smoother and more natural.

But some basics haven’t changed. The desktop layout, with folders and files, and the windows system for organizing open applications are still here because they’re intuitive. However, one area that could improve is adaptability. Now that tech is so advanced, GUIs could be smarter about adjusting to user habits, like brightness or layout changes based on time or context. It feels like the next step for GUIs is to become more personalized and context-aware.

A notable progression of the GUI during early Macintosh era to its modern era is its gradual shift from flat design, Skeuomorphic design, and Neumorphic design. This shift is a byproduct of Apple’s mission in creating accessibility driven, yet visually sleek designs, a signifier of the minimalistic modern ambiance Apple channels. Visually, Transformed from flat pixel icons to multi pixel rounded edges with color. Higher responsiveness. Simplification of Apple. Need for quick access, especially in an era where we digest/process visual information, shorter attention span. With the growth of the personal computer, how will the interface transfer with smaller screens like the iPhone? How will the GUI adapt to its smaller, more contained screen size? Consideration of color more emphasis on users needs and user interactions. Preferences, dark mode. Ability to zoom or have multiples windows open. The structure and foundational principles of has remained the same. Many of the icons that we associate with early GUIs are still used foundation based on Apple Lisa GUI. More customizable GUIs as customization has been a component Apple has. The appearance of app icons and. Navigation, especially in file formatting feels outdated. Because users have been so accustomed to the look of the system, I feel that Apple will keep it the way it is. Visual hierarchy and clutter, difficulty in finding specific files. Use of AI or non human assistant to navigate through GUIs including initiating phone calls or opening an app. Grown in the organization and usability of the software, simplifying the way we interact with GUIs. Advancing, making the personal computer feel and look more personal. GUIs and the many functionalities associated/came along with it, drew in, why people would want a personal computer, transformed into why we need a personal computer.

Graphical user interfaces have come a long way from simple text commands to the vibrant, icon-based systems pioneered by the Apple Lisa and early Windows. These early interfaces introduced the familiar setup we still use today—desktop layouts, icons, and overlapping windows. Over time, the designs have shifted from realistic, textured icons to a flatter, cleaner look that’s focused on simplicity and accessibility across devices. Even with all these changes, the basic layout of windows, icons, and menus hasn’t really changed much. Now, there’s an opportunity for GUIs to go further by adding more AI-driven personalization, adapting to users’ needs in real time, and making accessibility a bigger priority to serve a more diverse user base.

Since the early days of Macintosh and Windows, graphical user interfaces have gone from basic, blocky designs to colorful, smooth, and touch-friendly ones. Early GUIs could only handle simple commands using a mouse and keyboard, but today’s interfaces let us use voice commands, get real-time feedback, and even adapt to our habits. Despite these changes, familiar elements like taskbars, docks, and icons have stayed because they’re useful for keeping things organized and easy to find. However, there’s still room to make GUIs better, like making them work more consistently across all devices, improving accessibility, and allowing them to adjust to what we’re doing or where we are. More helpful ways to manage multiple tasks and clearer privacy controls would also make them easier and safer to use. While GUIs are now much more engaging and flexible than before, they could be even simpler, safer, and smarter as technology keeps advancing.

KY

Since the early days of Macintosh and Windows, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have evolved dramatically, transforming from basic icons and windows to today’s sophisticated, multi-device, touch-enabled systems. With advances in touch interaction, responsive design, voice assistants, and AI integration, modern GUIs are more personalized and accessible, yet they retain traditional elements like desktop and window layouts. This blend of familiarity and innovation provides users with a recognizable experience while adapting to today’s diverse technological landscape. However, as GUIs grow smarter and increasingly interconnected, there is a rising need to enhance user privacy and data transparency, ensuring that users feel secure in their digital interactions.

I’m particularly interested in cross-platform consistency, which is crucial in interaction design. Consistency across devices can reduce user learning curves and minimize usability issues stemming from interface differences. From an interaction design perspective, achieving this consistency involves creating intuitive and universal design principles to provide a seamless user experience on any device.

Since ancient Macintosh and Windows GUIs, graphical user interfaces have evolved to embrace new gadgetry and cognition. Pixel-based bitmaps, skeuomorphs, and basic point-and-click movement of on-screen objects; low-resolution screens with lapidary gravitas; gadgets dictating rigid usability. And now the dawn of the flat, minimalist, skeuomorph-free, vector-graphics frontier; touchscreen responsiveness; variable ratios of coffee, beer, and sleeplessness; and multitouch, styluses, and voices, a digital bouquet of user interaction. Thanks to retina and 4K displays, visuals look sharper than ever.

While many aspects of the system have been improved over the years, some fundamental pillars remain intact. The desktop as depicted in a metaphor, combined with the use of folders, windows and icons, are still at the heart of many operating systems. Menus, toolbars and the point-and-click approach are also deeply ingrained features, which helps to keep the experience familiar.

Yet, there’s still much room for meaningful improvement. As technology advances, GUIs should get better at integrating multiple modes of interaction – such as touch, voice and gesture – into more cohesive whole. AI is in need of better integration for more predictive, adaptive interactions that respond to context to anticipate and shape the user’s experience. Interfaces also have to become more accessible, providing a range of flexible screen readers and text-to-speech, haptic feedback and other tactile sensations, extensively customisable layouts and designs tailored for different abilities. Users also require more clear and transparent privacy controls to account for increased aspects of conduct that occur online, and more immersive augmented and virtual reality experiences.

To summarise, yes, GUIs have come a long way, but the next step in their evolution should be more along the lines of true personalisation and smart, adaptive, inclusive design, utilising modern technology for interfaces that are natural and intuitive, secure and consistent across every device.

The graphical user interface has changed in many ways over time. In the early days the functionality was much more limited. There was also much less color if any used in the interfaces. Today’s graphical user interfaces still use folders and trash symbols. The idea of making design elements look like real objects is still seen today. The graphical user interface makes it so that people don’t have to be computer experts to use a computer, since the design is intuitive and uses visual cues to allow the user to understand how it works. However, the user interfaces now use more color and complex graphics, looking much more realistic and visually appealing. The graphical user interface could improve more by being more customizable, or being more accessible to people with varying abilities. Icons and buttons being clear is also important so that people don’t have to waste time trying to figure things out.

In the early Macintosh and Windows days, GUIs are evolved with richer graphics and systems, there are touch and voice controls, and more smooth multitasking function. When ages change, the whole environment are kind of relying on GUI functions, there are more people concerned and payed attention about the improvement of GUIs. When core elements like icons, menus, and windows have persisted. There are improvements also needed such as better accessibility, more flexible touch screen, more intuitive navigation across devices, also some AI function that might simplify personal tasks. 

Changes:

Visual Look:

• Improved Resolution and Colors: In the past, computer screens lacked clarity and offered limited color options. Now, we have really clear screens with lots of bright colors. We can see high-quality pictures, videos, and cool graphics on our screens.
• Simpler Design: The old GUIs used to appear quite busy, with 3D-like icons and an abundance of details. Now, the trend is to have a flatter and simpler design. It’s easier to look at and doesn’t distract us as much.

How We Interact:

• Multiple Input Methods: Initially, we utilized a keyboard and mouse to operate the computer. Now, touch screens are everywhere, especially on mobile phones and some laptops. We can also use gestures like swiping, pinching, and rotating to do things on the screen. Additionally, using voice commands to communicate with the device is becoming increasingly popular.
• Better at Doing Many Things at Once: The old computer systems could do a few things at the same time, but not very well. Now, modern GUIs let us easily switch between different apps, move and arrange windows in different ways (like making them fit on different parts of the screen), and even have multiple desktops for different kinds of work or fun.

Connecting and working with other stuff:

• Today’s GUIs have a strong connection to the internet. Apps can get online info, keep our data the same on different devices, and give us real-time news. Cloud storage (where we can save our stuff online) and cloud computing are now a big part of how we use our computers. We can get to our files and apps from anywhere if we have an internet connection.
• Working with Other Devices: Today’s GUIs are highly compatible with a wide variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and smart home gadgets. We can control and use all these different devices with one interface, which makes our digital world feel more together.

What’s Stayed the Same:

• Desktop Idea: We still perceive our computer screen as a virtual desk, complete with folders, files, and icons, each symbolizing distinct functions. We can still organize our digital items similarly to how we would on a physical desk, such as organizing files into folders, moving and copying files, and initiating apps by clicking on their icons.
• System Setup and Basic Layout: We organize our computer files in a hierarchical file system, set up menus and toolbars with slight variations, and maintain a largely unchanged basic window setup for running apps. This gives us a familiar feeling when we use different operating systems.

What Could Be Better?

• Enhancing the usability of GUIs for individuals with disabilities has led to improvements, yet there is still room for improvement. Some people might have a difficult time using a mouse or touchscreen because of a problem with their body, or they might have trouble seeing or hearing. We need to make voice recognition work better, give people more ways to change the interface to fit their needs, and make sure all apps and websites are simple for everyone to use.
• Letting Us Make It Our Own: We all like different things, but current GUIs don’t always let us change them enough to fit our own tastes. We need more ways to customize the interface, like putting icons and menus where we want them, choosing different colors or themes, and setting up our own shortcuts and gestures.
• Keeping Our Stuff Safe and Private: As GUIs become more connected to the internet and other services, it’s critical to protect our data and maintain our privacy. We require enhanced security measures such as improved encryption, better authentication methods, and more transparent privacy policies. We should also have better data control and better visibility into usage.
• Making it Smarter: As artificial intelligence and machine learning improve, there’s a chance to make GUIs smarter and more aware of what we’re doing. For example, the interface could change to fit our habits and likes, give us useful suggestions and shortcuts, and guess what we’re going to do next, which would make using it more fun and efficient.