Since Apple released the Macintosh in 1984 and Microsoft launched Windows in 1985, graphical user interfaces have undergone significant changes. Early GUIs followed the WIMP model (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer), replacing command-line inputs with a visual system. This allowed users to operate software using a mouse, which I believe greatly improved the usability and accessibility of computers, marking a major step forward in technology.
In the 2000s, especially after the release of the iPhone in 2007, touch interaction became mainstream. GUIs transitioned from mouse control to gesture-based (touchscreen) control, and design styles shifted toward minimalism. After 2010, responsive design became widespread, allowing interfaces to adapt to different screen sizes. Despite changes in appearance, core design principles like user-centeredness, clarity, and usability have remained consistent. Menus, icons, and file systems are still foundational elements.
However, modern interfaces often face complexity issues. Many applications are overloaded with features and have confusing structures, making them hard to use. With technological advancements—especially the rise of artificial intelligence since 2023—GUIs now have the potential to become smarter and more personalized. Designers should prioritize simplicity, visual hierarchy, and user behavior in order to create more effective and refined interaction designs.